Tuesday, May 26, 2020

The Breakdown Of The New Jim Crow Essay - 1474 Words

The Breakdown of The New Jim Crow Some say that nothing is ever truly brought to an end and that everything that once was will be again. That seems to be the case when discussing Michelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow, a nonfiction book that argues that Jim Crow has reemerged in the mass incarceration of black people in America. Originally, the name for this era we know as Jim Crow was inspired by a racist character played by Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. During the 1800s, Rice would dress in blackface and perform a song titled Jump Jim Crow. (Bart-Planged) A decade or so after slavery was abolished in 1865, the name of this belligerent character was used to label a new set of laws that plagued African Americans in pursuit of universal freedom in the United States from the 1870s to the 1960s. Alexander s reasoning for rebranding this historical era of torment towards African Americans is to show two things. Firstly, America has not come as far as it likes to think it has as a country socially. The argument of racism b eing a something left in the past and that it does not marinate through America today is a poorly told myth. The only difference between now and a century ago is that racism is more institutionalized and internalized than blatant. Secondly, in the different section within the chapters she examines the racism in the form that it is more commonly seen in today: systematic and institutional. Recognizing the connection between Alexander s theory and theShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans in Prison and the Jim Crow Laws Essay915 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States Population but make up over 40% of the current jail and prison population. A black man is five times more likely to be convicted of a crime than a white man in the United States. How far have we really come sinse the Jim Crow laws? During the Jim Crow Era African-Americans in some states were treated as second-class citizens in every aspect of life from how they interact with White Americans to not having the right to vote. M any people would say we as a nation are far passed thoseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Special Case Of Discrimination800 Words   |  4 Pagestheir vehicles because of the driver s ethnicity. This is where the term â€Å"Driving while Black† came to light in 1989. Such actual unconventional policies exist in many police departments. Uncovering it often depends on the testimony of the officer. In New Jersey, Black and Hispanic state troopers have testified that they were forced to engage in profiling by their commanders (Prejudice Institute, 2001). Racial profiling often goes hand and hand with other practices by law enforcement, often the definingRead MoreThe Middle Age African American Man1285 Words   |  6 Pagessouthern state at the height of Jim Crow.3 Jim Crow was a practice enforced by laws in the United States (U.S.) enacted between 1874 – 1975 to keep black and white races apart. The goal of these laws was to create â€Å"separate but equal† treatment, but the result produced inferior treatment and facilities for African-Americans. Education was segregated as well as public facilities. The U.S. military was segregated until after World War II.4 The book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the AgeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Mr. Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesshould not judge a book by its cover, as there is more to a person than what we see. It also represents how everyone has feelings, and the desire to be heard and treated properly. The author uses the minstrel show’s songs, th e Jim Crow laws and its stereotypical character Jim Crow to symbolize the changes the character go through. Mr. Bones revolves around a quiet dysfunctional family where the narrator describes that â€Å"The quiet household is often more turbulent than the household of the tyrant or theRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War864 Words   |  4 Pagesracism alive. Reconstruction brought the Ku Klux Klan who displayed great resistance, and poverty that swept the South once the blacks were freed. The freedom of these black slaves led to discriminatory legislatures such as the Black Codes and the Jim Crow laws to keep the blacks constrained from actually being free. The South was then encountered with corruption and high property taxes, as a rebuild was in order to reestablish the war torn part of the nation. The Ku Klux Klan flourished in the SouthRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Jim Crow Laws1712 Words   |  7 Pagesblacks everywhere were being treated beyond unfairly. Blacks and even some others, such as Latinos and Asians were also discriminated against, especially in the deep South. Any who had a skin color other than white were placed under the Jim Crow laws. The Jim Crow laws were a set of laws that enforced racial segregation. They were much more prominent in the southern United States. These laws were created over the years of slavery, to let the blacks know where their place was in society. During theRead MoreBlack Boy And The Grapes Of Wrath Analysis1728 Words   |  7 Pagesneglect the death of Rose of Sharon’s baby. In the bible, the flood represents both punishment and new beginnings. Yes, the world is swallowed up in water, but doves eventually signal to Noah that new land has been found. In The Grapes of Wrath, Rose of Sharon’s water breaking symbolizes the floo d. Also, Rose of Sharon’s child represents new beginnings; therefore, the child’s death implies that there is no new life, beginning, or hope. Crockett misreads biblical allusions as hopeful, when Steinbeck’s goalRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement1286 Words   |  6 PagesGray (1) This is all thanks to the Civil Rights movements and all the people who vigorously supported and fought for it during throughout the 20th century. Desegregation of the Military would result from the outbreaks and chaos of war. The breakdown of segregation would occur during Pearl harbor, while the U.S.S. Arizona was underway of attack, and slowly sinking to the depths of the ocean†¦ â€Å" a Negro seaman who had been trained as nothing but a mess man rushed to the deck, grabbed an unmanned

Friday, May 15, 2020

Factors in capital structuring - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1836 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction The structuring of corporate finance is an issue of vital importance for all companies engaged in business. These companies require capital to start and run their businesses and while they are primarily guided in their decisions by financial and profit objectives, they also remain constrained by the uncertain risks which arise from remaining in the marketplace. Companies are financed by three avenues, equity funds provided by shareholders, internal profit generation and debt funds provided by outside lenders. Funding by way of equity and debt consists of different alternatives, for example equity funding could come from the promoters, or from sale of authorised stock to the public, to individual large investors like Venture Capital companies, Mutual Funds or to other high net worth investors. Similarly debt can be raised in many ways, e.g. through loans, debentures, bonds and other debt instruments from various lending sources. In the case of fu nding through internal accruals, very obviously this avenue is not available at the commencement of business. For profitable companies it is dependent, apart from the quantum of accruals, upon their dividend payout and earning retention policies. Debt, being in the nature of outside funds that necessarily need repayment, carries with it, elements of risk of default, bankruptcy and asset seizure. These have to be accordingly weighed while deciding upon its quantum. On the other hand debt funds also have the attraction of availability, low interest costs and tax deductibility with consequent positive effects upon company profitability. Equity funds, while being limited in some cases are theoretically safe, do not have to be repaid and do not entail a compulsory interest load. In actual fact shareholders expect much higher returns than lenders. They can also destabilise ownership patterns and effect changes in ownership and management. Furthermore, they need to be paid out of tax de ducted residual profits, thus imposing a charge on corporate profits, which is much higher than the cost of servicing debt. This dilemma is further compounded by practical considerations like access to equity and debt fund as well as objectives of the shareholders, the corporate managements who are the agents of the shareholders, and the debt holders. As such, despite progress in theories of corporate finance during the last twenty odd years, our understanding of the issue remains largely incomplete and continues to be shaped by newer thought on various issues including the effect of various levels of gearing on corporate efficiency, information asymmetry and costs of agency. It is the objective of this essay to study the various theories of corporate finance that govern capital structuring, the interplay of corporate management objectives and the effect of various other factors that determine decision making in the area. 2. Commentary Four major theories, the Modigliani-Mi ller model, the trade-off theory, the pecking order approach and the effects of symmetric information and agency costs comprise current thought on capital structuring. These theories are not mutually exclusive. Most companies are influenced by interplay of different facets of these theories resulting in a hybridised financing structure wherein different theories overlap and influence the final decision. The Modigliani-Miller approach is widely accepted as the theoretical base for the development of theories in capital structure. Developed in 1961 by Modigliani and Miller, it states that in a situation free of taxes, bankruptcy costs and asymmetric information, and in an environment of efficient markets, the value of a firm is independent of its mode of financing. It states that the market value of a firm is determined by its earning power and the risk of its underlying assets, and as such, is independent of the route chosen to finance investments or distribute dividends. The argu ment is uncomplicated. The theorem states that if the total cash flows a company earns are the same regardless of its capital structure, changing of structure will not affect cash flows. The total value of assets that provide ownership to these cash flows will also not change. While it is obvious that the assumptions of the MM theory regarding taxes, bankruptcy costs and asymmetric information are not possible in actuality, the theory becomes all the more relevant by inferring that disturbance of assumptions will necessarily lead to situations where capital structuring will depend upon debt and equity components in financing companies. In the years that have passed since the emergence of MM theory, while research into the reasons behind capital structuring decisions have led to a great amount of literature, much of the questions still remain. According to the trade off theory, the decision to limit debt to a certain level of total capital employed is a simple function of the firm to trade off the risks of profiting from higher debt and the consequences of default and bankruptcy. Capital structuring, as per this theory is thus ruled by trade offs between the tax shield provided by debt and the financial distress costs of bankruptcy. This will vary from firm to firm because while costs of financial distress will vary with the type of the asset, the benefit of the tax shield will change with the extent of profitability. At the optimal debt level the marginal benefit of the tax shield will equal the marginal cost of financial distress. The trade off theory does appear to provide some answers to the rationale behind capital structuring; its logic explains the differences in capital structure across industries with different profitability parameters and asset profiles. The trade-off theory, while logical, falls short of explaining the apparent unpredictability behind corporate financial structuring. It is unable, for example, to describe why profitable firms c onstantly underutilise debt. Some analysts have thought of this apparent shying away from debt, owing to fears of bankruptcy, to unnecessary conservatism that could cause harm to the company. The consensus view underlying this vast literature is that bankruptcy costs alone are too small to offset the value of tax shields and. thus, other factors, such as agency costs, must be introduced into the cost-benefit analysis to explain observed capital structures. Miller ((1977). p. 264) memorably characterizes the discrepancy by comparing the trade-off between tax gains and bankruptcy costs as like the recipe for the fabled horse-and rabbit stewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ one horse and one rabbit. (Ju, Parrino, Poteshman and Weisbach, 2005) A significant number of firms follow a financing structure that is inconsistent with the trade off theory, and use significantly lower levels of debt than their target debt level. Under leveraging results in underutilization of tax shields and there does no t appear to be a valid answer to the reasons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“whether observed capital structures represent a value maximizing choice or whether firms throw away value by substantially under leveraging their assets.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Perrino, Poteshman and Weisbach, 2005) The use of the Pecking Order theory, the impact of asymmetric information and that of agency costs possibly provide the answers to these apparent incongruities. The Pecking Order theory stipulates that asymmetry in information availability exists between internal management represented by CEOs and external shareholders, i.e. corporate managements generally hold significant information unavailable to external shareholders and are thus often able to take decisions affecting the choice of internal and external funds that are seemingly at odds with corporate objectives. In the Pecking Order, profitable companies first look for internal funds, obtained from retained earnings, to finance investments. Companies are rel uctant to go to the market to look for borrowings even though their managements have full confidence in debt servicing ability, because of apprehensions of giving out wrong signals to the market and the possible undermining of their own position. This obviously has an effect on dividend policy and the tailoring of dividend payout to meet investment is common practice. In case of requirement of further funds, managements, who for all practical purposes are the agents of the stockholders, resort to debt instruments that send the least adverse signals to the stock market. The third and final choice for finance finally falls on the issue of further stock. In many cases, managements try to increase financial slack by increasing retained earnings, avoiding available debt, and smoothing dividend payouts. Financial slack is valuable and Debt Equity ratios respond mainly to changes in imbalances between funds retained after dividend payouts and investment opportunities. The use of interest t ax shields and raising debt to maximize value thus becomes secondary. The Pecking Order theory implies that retained funds stay at the top of the preferred financing heap and external equity remains the last choice. The choice of debt comes up not in order to increase value but because of exhaustion of internal funds. 3. Conclusion Capital structuring depends upon a number of factors and is not as complex an issue as it appears to be. Modes of capital structuring primarily depend upon availability of capital. Start up corporations as well companies with weak profitability or irregular cash flows are often constrained by unavailability of external equity as well as of debt. These companies have to perforce manage with internal accruals and loans from the unorganized sector until their financial credibility becomes strong enough to attract external equity and debt. In the case of profitable companies that are able to access debt, maximization of firm value vis-ÃÆ'  -vis ca pital structuring requires the incorporation of debt until the achievement of a target debt figure, which in turn represents the optimum balance between the financial benefit of the interest tax shield and the cost of financial distress, because of bankruptcy. While this logic applies to capital structuring decisions in many companies, decision making in a number of firms also works on the Pecking Order theory, enabled by asymmetric information availability and the occurrence of agency costs. Managements of such companies, which are distinct from stockholders, tend to use their position to use funds from retained earnings for investment decisions due to their own considerations. Their desire not to create ripples in the outside market leads them to treat debt as a second choice. The benefits of the tax shield are not inducement enough to overrule their desire to create financial slack and keep buffers that would enable them to operate with some element of comfort. While this atti tude is possibly inevitable to a certain extent, it becomes a matter of concern when it acts as a precursor to other decisions and becomes an indicator of the managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to place their own interests before that of the stockholders. Bibliography Brown, C. M. 2005, Borrowing from Dad: Financing from Relatives and Friends Has Risks and Rewards. Black Enterprise, 35, 44. Chew, D. H. (Ed.). 1986,. Six Roundtable Discussions of Corporate Finance with Joel Stern. New York: Quorum Books. Ju, N, Parrino, R, Poteshman, A, Weisbach, M, 2005, Horses and rabbits? Trade-off theory and optimal capital structure, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 40, No.2, University of Washington Mansi, S. A., Reeb, D. M.,2002, Corporate International Activity and Debt Financing. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(1), 129+. Read, L. 1998, The Financing of Small Business: A Comparative Study of Male and Female Business Owners. London: Rout ledge. Roe, M. J. ,1994, Strong Managers, Weak Owners: The Political Roots of American Corporate Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Factors in capital structuring" essay for you Create order

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Prisoner of War Ethic - 547 Words

Early on in the semester, I have found that Chapter 12 has been one of the more intriguing sections to read. After deciding on a topic for the paper, I combed the book for interesting topics that could relate to the prisoner of war ethic. In many ways I started my ‘journey’ with Chapter 12; making it all-the-more fitting that I end here as well. Chapter 12 and the section on Prima Facie Duties cover a good range of personal subjects. This chapter espouses the ideal that communication is not confined to national or even international borders. Kales Human Nature, for example, proposes the importance of the human spirit over cultural boundaries. Though it is not easy, we must communicate with others in a way that does not reflect back on our own biases and stereotypes in other forms of intercultural communication. And I am personally fascinated by the concept of moral exclusion. The ability to which we are able to extend rights to other people is reflective of where they lie in our sphere of moral consideration, I believe. One of the eight stages of genocide – dehumanization – comes to mind. As the book notes, this dehumanization is reflected in communication. Communication, such as propaganda, that lowers the status of others exemplifies this dehumanization. We have a tremendous capacity, to turn people into less than us, and once you do that, you can justify a hell of a lot of awfulness. — Greg Pirmann I recall reading a book recently by Roderick Frazier Nash called TheShow MoreRelatedThe Perpetuation of a Sadistic Society: Analysis of Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five and Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma1510 Words   |  6 PagesPerpetuation of A Sadistic Society On the surface, Kurt Vonneguts novel Slaughterhouse-Five and Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma share little in common. The former is a novel about the Second World War, addressing themes like post-traumatic stress disorder and the senselessness of war. The latter is a non-fiction treatise on agro-business, addressing themes like public health, food security, and the morality of killing animals. A deeper probing reveals striking similarities between theseRead MoreEthical Challenges of the War in Afghanistan Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesEthics Paper Ethical Challenges of the War in Afghanistan After ten years of fighting in Afghanistan and Iraq, military leaders still face significant ethical challenges. Because of the challenges associated with waging an unconventional war, military practices and preparations have not evolved to provide sufficient ethical training for personnel in Afghanistan and Iraqi. This essay explores ethical questions that remain unresolved even after a war that has been prosecuted for more than a decadeRead MoreEthics And Morality : A Noble Cause Corruption1196 Words   |  5 PagesEthics and morality are broad topics of everyday life. Instinctively, we as humans know the difference between right and wrong but in some cases, our ethics will narrow. Actions and decisions become selfish and for the sole purpose of personal gain. In some cases, unethical ways may even be illegal. Noble cause corruption is a prime example of when a person will utilize unethical means for a result to benefit the greater good. Noble cause corruption differs with tradi tional corruption. TraditionalRead MoreThe Tactics Of World War I895 Words   |  4 PagesThe tactics used in World War I were radically different than that of previous wars. The majority of the war was fought in the trenches, and the war itself seemed to have no end. Due to this, the psychological impact of the war was unlike anything that had been seen before. During the early days of the war, the soldiers, on both sides, seemed to lack the dedication that would have been necessary to exterminate their enemy. However, as the war progressed, the desire to avenge their fallen comradesRead MoreThe Journey Of Fighting The Addiction For Addicts869 Words   |  4 Pages(2010) states â€Å"were to judge according to ethics and human feeling, we would find the ware abhorrent† (p. 287). The people who are making this war do not see that this war is against the addicts not against the addiction. If they will not change their strategies on this war, they are going to lose or fail a gain. Actually, according to the national and international statistics and the amount of the money spending on the drugs war â€Å"billions† prove that this war against drugs has been failed. â€Å"If theRead MoreThe Sexuality Of Doctors During War1467 Words   |  6 Pagesdoctors in the presence of war who are expected to uphold human rights and follow an ethical and professional path to helping all people whether they are enemy or not. Doctors are the very foundation to the health and well-being of society. Yet doctors actively participate in torturing prisoners of war. Without the presence of a moralistic figure, the only shred of reason and sense of humanity is subsequently lost. Doctors are both a physical and moral necessity for all war participants; thus, whenRead MoreCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and1500 Words   |  6 PagesCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, value s, and beliefs of an organization. A code of ethics clarifies to employees what the company stands for and its expectations for employee conduct (Daft, 2013). A well-written code is a true commitment to responsible business practices in that it outlines specific procedures to handle ethical failures. Within the research enterprise, the code of ethics ensures that research projects involving human subjects areRead MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg1630 Words   |  7 PagesPaper - Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg Doctors Trial of 1946 is the preeminent case recognizing the importance of medical ethics and human rights specifically about human research subjects. The defendants in the trials include Nazi leadership, physicians, and investigators prosecuted for conducting unethical and inhumane medical experiments on civilians and prisoners of war resulting in extreme pain, suffering, permanent injury and often death. The Nuremberg Code, borne of these trials, establishesRead MoreWar Crimes Committed in World War II739 Words   |  3 PagesDuring world war two, countries on both sides committed war crimes that shocked both the people involved, and the globe. From 1937 through to 1945, the Japanese justified their treatment of the Australian prisoners of war at the Burma railway with three things. The Japanese believed that their bushido code allowed them to treat the Australian this way, their ethics was one of complete brutality and hardship, and the Japanese soldiers were bein g fed false propaganda that showed a dehumanized viewRead MoreStanford Prisoner s Experiment And Electric Shock Experiment1120 Words   |  5 Pageswho were physically and mentally healthy, with high stability in their emotion. Then divided them into two groups. A group dressed as guards and others act as prisoners. The experiment was planned for fourteen days, but was abolished in the seventh day. The reason for the termination was that the experiment had caused a damage to the prisoner s both mental and health performance. Electric shock experiment The purpose of the experiment is to test when people in the case of the authority to issue an

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

John and Laura Essay Example For Students

John and Laura Essay This feeling of the uncanny is the most distinct and explicit. It is the feeling of somehow knowing the unknowable; bearing information that, by all logical explanations, should not be available to us. It seems that John also has this premonition because he runs out of the house with no warning. Once outside, he runs immediately to the location of his daughter without any outside implication of where she might be. Again, he seems to somehow know the unknowable. The next occurrence of the uncanny is the Venice restaurant when Laura first meets the two elderly sisters. Before the interaction, the viewer can tell that John is sensing something, or that he is especially unsettled by the two women. Again here it is not clearly spelled out that he is have a psychic connection, because it could be read that he just noticed the women staring at him. This is another essential element of the uncanny. It must be rooted in the sense of reality. In Tzvetan Todorovs study on the fantastic in literature, he outlined that the implied reality of a situation is what separates the uncanny from the fantastic or the marvelous. In works that belong to this genre, events are related which may be readily accounted for by the laws of reason, but which are, in one way or another, incredible, extraordinary, shocking, singular, disturbing or unexpected, and which thereby provoke in the character and in the reader a reaction similar to that which works of the fantastic have made familiar. 3 As Laura follows the sisters into the bathroom, the audience sees that they are holding hands. This offers ideas of incest and homosexuality, both uncanny. But this is rooted in logic quickly as the viewer realizes that one of the sisters is blind. The blind sister then proceeds to tell Laura that she has had a vision of her deceased daughter sitting between her and John at the restaurant. This is uncanny because we are presented with a reversal of what is common. The blind woman here is the one with the vision. It is made especially potent by the temporary blinding of the other sister. The motif of the blind with sight and the sighted unable to see repeats itself throughout the film. This scene also exemplifies much of the important symbolism in the film. The main goal of the symbolism in this film is to represent Johns repression of the death of his daughter and the turmoil that this causes in his unconscious. Freud believed that the arousal of any type of fear or anxiety was caused by the recurrence of something repressed. Uncanny is in reality nothing new or alien, but something which is familiar and old-established in the mind and which has become alienated from it only through the process of repression. In this sense, Johns entire journey through the film can be seen as uncanny. In John Izods analysis of Dont Look Now he draws a specific connection between glass and/or water to the unconscious. He says Its nature as a medium alien to, but not absolutely impenetrable by humankind makes it a ready surrogate for the unconscious. 4 This connection becomes apparent in the scene with the women in the bathroom. The blind sister, Heather, seems to look directly at Laura, but only through the reflection in the mirror. She then proceeds to describe her psychic vision of Christine. The viewer watches this all in the mirror, from behind glass. This implies that Heather has easy access to her unconscious and, in turn, to psychic abilities. John, who the viewer also recognizes through his earlier premonition as having some sort of psychic ability, is much less likely to connect with his unconscious. This is why he is rarely portrayed through glass or water. Even when his daughter was drowning, he hesitates for quite some time before going under the water. He stares almost knowingly into the water, with a look of terror on his face. This illustrates his repression of his daughters death and his ignorance of his unconscious. .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 , .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .postImageUrl , .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 , .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:hover , .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:visited , .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:active { border:0!important; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:active , .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7 .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91a87bf9a2e1adffbee50d1450847df7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Overview - Sugar Cane Alley EssayAs Laura talks with the women in the bathroom, John stares out a window into the water and has a flashback about he and his wife leaving their home in England. Instead of fading back to John, the flashback fades into a close-up of heathers blind eyes staring out at the viewer. This is uncanny because it disrupts the linear processes of narrative that would logically return us to John. It can be viewed as a violation of the mind or a disruption of the self, because as the viewer is shown this flashback, it is aligned specifically with John. We are seeing what he is seeing, or thinking in his mind. Being confronted with Heathers image before we resolve the vision with John can clearly be viewed as an invasion. Like the majority of Freuds theories, he believed that the infantile and childhood state is crucial to ones development of fears and feelings of the uncanny. He believes that it is at this point that one is most in touch with their own unconscious. Not coincidentally, Roeg presents the viewer with almost an exact analogy of this idea in the film. After Laura faints in the restaurant, John goes to check on her and finds her in a room with a large window. On the other side of the window is a large group of children playing. If one is to read the symbolism of glass and water as the passage to the unconscious then this scene wholly supports Freuds statements about infancy, the uncanny, and the unconscious. On the one side of the glass, the side that John not only cant get to, but in fact completely ignores, is children, the embodiment of the unconscious. On the other side of the glass is John and Laura, but Laura does not ignore what is on the other side of the glass. She plays with and watches the children through the glass. This is further subtle hints at Johns refusal to confront his own unconscious.